Doctor
Who
is a long-running British
science
fiction television programme produced by the BBC
about a mysterious time-travelling
adventurer known only as "The
Doctor". It is also the title of a 1996
television movie featuring the same character. It is
common to see the show's title abbreviated as Dr.
Who, even by the BBC, although purists consider
this form incorrect.
The
programme is a significant part of British popular
culture, widely recognised for its creative
storytelling and use of innovative music (originally
produced by the BBC
Radiophonic Workshop).
It
is also known for its innovative use of low-budget special
effects for most of its history. Elements of the
programme are extremely well known and identifiable even
to non-fans. In Britain and elsewhere, the show has
become a cult
television favourite on a par with Star
Trek and has influenced generations of British
television writers, many of whom grew up watching the
series. Doctor Who was ranked third in a list of
the 100
Greatest British Television Programmes of the 20th
century, produced by the British
Film Institute in 2000 and voted on by industry
professionals.
The
Doctors
After
a long period off screen, a new
series of Doctor Who started on March
26, 2005,
continuing the original 19631989
run and the 1996
television movie. Produced by BBC
Wales in association with the Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the 2005
series has concluded in the United
Kingdom, and the programme will be returning for a
Christmas special later in the year, followed by a
second and third series (including a second Christmas
special in 2006). The first new series (2005) will be
repeated on BBC
Three beginning on Sunday July
17, 2005
at 19:00.
As
of 2005, it is being broadcast weekly in Canada
(CBC), Australia
(ABC)
and New
Zealand (Prime
TV). The series has also been sold to South
Korean station KBS
the first time a British drama series has been sold
to a Korean public station, Hungary's
RTLKlub
and a Danish
station.
History
Doctor
Who first appeared on BBC television on November
23, 1963.
The programme was born out of discussions and plans that
had been going on for a year. Head
of Drama, Sydney
Newman was mainly responsible for developing it,
with contributions by the Head of the Script Department
(later Head of Serials) Donald
Wilson, staff writer C.
E. 'Bunny' Webber, writer Anthony
Coburn, story
editor David
Whitaker and initial producer Verity
Lambert. The series' distinctive and haunting title
theme was composed by Ron
Grainer and realised by Delia
Derbyshire.
The
BBC drama department's Serials division produced the
programme in-house for the following twenty-six seasons,
on BBC
One. Falling viewing figures, a decline in the
public perception of the show and a less prominent
transmission slot saw it suspended as an ongoing series
in 1989
by Jonathan
Powell, Controller of BBC One. While in-house
production had ceased, the BBC was hopeful of finding an
independent production company to re-launch the show. Philip
Segal, a British expatriate who worked for Columbia
Pictures' television arm in the United
States, approached the BBC about such a venture.
Segal's
negotiations eventually led to a television
movie. The movie was broadcast on the Fox
Network in 1996
as a co-production between Fox, Universal
Pictures, the BBC,
and BBC
Worldwide. However, although the film was successful
in the UK (with audited viewing figures of 9.1 million),
it was less so in the United
States and did not lead to a series. Although licensed
media such as novels and audio plays provided new
stories, the programme remained dormant until 2004. In
that year, BBC Television began producing a new in-house
series after several years of unsuccessful attempts by
BBC Worldwide to find backing for a feature film
version.
The
new series debuted with the episode Rose
on BBC One on March
26, 2005;
Canada's CBC
on April
5, 2005;
Australia's ABC
on May
21, 2005;
and on Prime
TV in New Zealand from July
7, 2005.
No premiθre date or broadcaster has been announced for
the United States. The American Sci-Fi
Channel was briefly said to be interested in
acquiring the US rights, but withdrew after the network
previewed several episodes. The
BBC commissioned a second series and a Christmas special
on March
30, 2005.
On June
15, it was announced that a third series and a
second Christmas special had been commissioned.
The
Doctor Who logo used from 1973 to 1980.
Format
During
the original 19631989
run, each of the weekly episodes formed part of a
contained story (or "serial")
consisting of several parts usually either six or
four in earlier years and three to four in later years.
Three notable exceptions were "The
Trial of a Time Lord", which ran for 14
episodes (containing four stories often referred to by
individual titles connected by framing sequences) during
Season 23; the epic The
Daleks' Master Plan, which aired in 12 episodes
(plus a one episode teaser entitled Mission
to the Unknown, featuring none of the regular
cast), and the 10-episode serial The
War Games.
The
programme was initially devised to be partly educational
and for family viewing on the early Saturday evening
schedule. The idea was to alternate stories set during
important periods of human history (such as the French
Revolution, the Roman
Empire, or the Battle
of Culloden Moor) which would educate younger
audience members about history, with stories set either
in the future or in outer space, which would educate
them about science. This was also reflected in the
make-up of the Doctor's original companions, one of whom
was a science teacher and another a history teacher.
In
practice, however, science fiction stories proved to be
far more popular with the viewing public, and the "historicals"
were dropped entirely after the first few years. While
the series continued to make use of historical settings
throughout its run, they were generally used as a
backdrop for science fiction themed tales. The series
featured only one more purely historical story during
its original run, the 1982
serial Black
Orchid, set in 1920s Britain. The programme also
rapidly became a national institution, to the point
where many renowned actors both serious and comedic
asked for or accepted guest starring roles in
various stories.
Doctor
Who originally ran for 26 seasons on the BBC, from November
23, 1963
until December
6, 1989.
Writers over the years have included Terry
Nation, Henry
Lincoln, Douglas
Adams, Robert
Holmes, Terrance
Dicks, Dennis
Spooner, Eric
Saward, Malcolm
Hulke, Christopher
H. Bidmead, Stephen
Gallagher, Brian
Hayles, Chris
Boucher, Marc
Platt and Ben
Aaronovitch.
As
of June 2005, approximately 709 individual Doctor Who
installments have been televised since 1963, ranging in
length from 25-minute chapters (the most common format),
to two feature-length productions (1983's The
Five Doctors and the 1996
television movie).
The
serial format changed for the 2005 revival. Series 1
consisted of thirteen 45-minute self-contained episodes
(60 minutes with commercials in Canada), with three two-parters
and a loose story arc whose elements were brought
together in the season finale. For the new show, Russell
T. Davies is principal writer and executive
producer, with Mark
Gatiss, Paul
Cornell, Robert
Shearman, and Steven
Moffat also contributing scripts. It is expected
that Doctor Who will surpass the number of
individual installments of the Star
Trek franchise (around 720 episodes) during the
third season of the new series.
The
Doctors
Tom
Baker as the Fourth Doctor
The
character of the Doctor was initially shrouded in
mystery. All that was known about him was that he had a
granddaughter, Susan,
that she was born "in another time, another
world", and that both of them were exiles. He also
possessed a time-travelling machine called the TARDIS
(Time And Relative Dimension
In Space), which is dimensionally
transcendental (larger on the inside than on the
outside), and seemingly never fully under his control.
The TARDIS originally had the ability to disguise itself
according to its environment, but became
"stuck" in the form of a police
box after landing in London in 1963, and has
remained in that shape ever since (give or take the
occasional attempt to fix it). Originally an irascible
and highly irritable character, he was quickly shown to
be a man of great intelligence and compassion, who
abhorred evil in the universe and would always help
others if he could.
Over
time it was revealed that the Doctor was from an
extraterrestrial race known as the Time
Lords from the planet Gallifrey.
The circumstances under which he left his planet were
only vaguely alluded to, but were at least partly due to
the restrictive nature of Time Lord society, their rules
against interfering with the rest of the universe, and
his own desire to explore time and space.
So
far, ten actors have played the part for television
(including the 1996 television movie and the 2005
revival). The Doctor, like all Time Lords, has the
ability to "regenerate"
his body when he dies, something he can do twelve times.
The production team created this concept to allow for
re-casting of the part when an actor wanted to leave or
otherwise needed to be replaced. Prior to 2005, the
regeneration was always worked into the storyline, but
the 2005 series began with the Ninth Doctor (played by Christopher
Eccleston) already regenerated, and no appearance of
the Eighth Doctor (previously played by Paul
McGann). In the final episode of the series, The
Parting of the Ways, the Ninth Doctor
regenerated into the Tenth (played by David
Tennant). It is unlikely that the regeneration of
the Eighth Doctor to the Ninth will be seen on screen,
particularly after the series producer, Russell
T. Davies, has called its dramatic merit into
question.
Richard
Hurndall played the part of the First Doctor in the
20th anniversary telemovie
The
Five Doctors in 1983, as William
Hartnell died in 1975. Other actors have also played
the Doctor, though rarely more than once; see the list
of actors who have played the Doctor for details.
The
BBC announced on March
30, 2005,
that Eccleston would depart at the end of that series,
and that David
Tennant was reportedly in talks for the role.
Tennant's casting was confirmed by the BBC on April
16, 2005.
Sylvester
mcCoy the Seventh Doctor
Companions
The
Doctor almost invariably shares his adventures with
between one and three companions
(the only exception being the serial The
Deadly Assassin, in which he travels alone). The
idea of the companion is to provide a surrogate
for the audience to identify with and to further the
story by asking questions and getting into trouble. The
Doctor regularly gains new companions and loses old
ones; sometimes they return home, or find new causes on
worlds they have visited. Some companions have died
during the course of the series.
There
are some disputes as to the definition of a companion,
but fans mostly agree that at least twenty-nine
(including K-9
Marks I and II) meet the criteria for
"companion" status in the television series,
with others being established in the various literary
spin-offs. For further details, see the notes in List
of supporting characters in Doctor Who.
Despite
the fact that the majority of the Doctor's companions
are young, attractive females, the series maintained a
longstanding taboo against any overt romantic
involvement in the TARDIS. However, that has not
prevented fans from speculating about possible romantic
involvements, most notably between the Fourth Doctor and
the Time Lady Romana
(whose actors Tom
Baker and Lalla
Ward shared a romance and brief marriage in real
life). The taboo was controversially broken in the 1996
television movie when the Eighth Doctor was shown
kissing companion Grace
Holloway. The 2005 series strongly hinted at a
more-than-platonic relationship between the Ninth Doctor
and Rose
Tyler.
Adversaries
When
Sydney Newman commissioned the series, he specifically
did not want to perpetuate the clichι of the
"bug-eyed monster" of science fiction.
However, monsters were a staple of Doctor Who
almost from the beginning and audiences responded to
them.
Notable
adversaries of the Doctor include the Autons,
the Cybermen,
the Sontarans,
the Silurians,
and the
Master, a rival Time Lord with a thirst for
universal conquest. Of all the monsters, the ones that
ensured the series' place in the public's imagination
were the Daleks.
The Daleks are lethal mutants in tank-like mechanical
armour from the planet Skaro.
Their chief role in the great scheme of things, as they
frequently remark in their instantly recognisable
metallic voices, is to "Exterminate!"
The
Daleks were created by writer Terry
Nation (who intended them as an allegory of the Nazis)
and BBC designer Raymond
Cusick. Nation also wrote for 1960s
telefantasy like The
Avengers. He later created the 1970s science
fiction programmes Survivors
and Blake's
7 and was a writer for the popular American
series MacGyver.
The Daleks' debut in the programme's second serial, The
Daleks, caused a tremendous reaction in the
viewership ratings, and put Doctor Who on the
map. The Daleks even appeared on a postage stamp
celebrating British popular culture in 1999,
photographed by Lord
Snowdon.
Viewership
The
TARDIS
is iconic in British popular culture
Doctor
Who has always appeared on the BBC's mainstream BBC
One channel, drawing audiences of many millions of
viewers. It was most popular in the late 1970s, when
audiences frequently averaged as high as 12 million
viewers per airing. During the ITV
network strike of 1979, viewership peaked at 16 million.
No first-run episode of Doctor Who has ever drawn
fewer than three million viewers on BBC One, although
its late 1980s
performance of three to five million regular viewers was
seen as being poor at the time, and was a leading cause
of the programme's 1989 suspension. The BBC One
broadcast of Rose,
the first episode of the 2005
revival, drew an average audience of 10.81 million, No.
3 for BBC One that week and No. 7 across all channels.
Only
four episodes have ever had their premier showings on
channels other than BBC One. The 1983 twentieth
anniversary special The
Five Doctors had its debut on November
23 (the actual date of the anniversary) on the Chicago PBS
station WTTW-TV
in the United States and various other PBS affiliates
two days prior to its BBC One broadcast. The 1988
story Silver
Nemesis was broadcast with all three episodes
edited together in compilation form on TVNZ
in New Zealand in November, after the first episode had
been shown in the UK but before the final two
installments had aired there. Finally, the 1996
television movie premiered on May
12 on Citytv
in Vancouver,
Canada, fifteen days before the BBC One showing.
There
was some controversy over the show's suitability for
children. Moral campaigner Mary
Whitehouse made a series of complaints to the BBC in
the 1970s over its sometimes frightening or gory
content. Ironically, her actions made the programme even
more popular, especially with children. Producer John
Nathan-Turner was heard to say that he looked
forward to Whitehouse's comments, as the show's ratings
would increase soon after she had made them.
During
the 1970s, the Radio
Times, the BBC's own listings magazine,
announced that a child's mother said the theme music
terrified her son. The Radio Times was
apologetic. However, the visuals were more complained
about than the music. During Jon
Pertwee's second season as the Doctor, in the serial
Terror
of the Autons, images of murderous plastic
dolls, daffodils killing unsuspecting victims and
blank-featured android policemen marked the apex of the
show's ability to frighten children.
It
has been said that watching Doctor Who from a
position of safety "behind the sofa" (as the Doctor
Who exhibition at the Museum
of the Moving Image in London was titled) and
peering cautiously out to see if the scary bit was over
is one of the great shared experiences of British
childhood. The term has become a common phrase in
association with the programme and occasionally
elsewhere.
A
wide selection of serials is available on VHS
and DVD
from BBC Video, on sale in the United Kingdom,
Australia, and the United States. Every fully extant
serial has been released on VHS, and BBC Worldwide
continues to release serials on DVD on a regular basis.
The latest series has been generally receiving ratings
of about 7.5 million, with the highest so far being
10.81 million for Rose.
Missing
episodes
Sometime
between about 1967 and 1978 large amounts of older
material stored in the BBC's video tape and film
libraries were destroyed or wiped
to make way for newer material. This happened for a
number of reasons. Most episodes of Doctor Who
were made on two-inch quad video tape for initial
broadcast, and telerecorded
onto 16mm
film by BBC Enterprises for further commercial
exploitation. The BBC had no central archive then
the Film Library kept programmes that had been made on film
while the Engineering Department was responsible for
storing video tapes. BBC Enterprises sold the programme
to overseas broadcasters (generally as 16mm
telerecordings) and thus kept copies of programmes they
deemed commercially exploitable. BBC Enterprises had
little dedicated storage space and tended to keep piles
of film canisters wherever they could find space for
them, and, from around 1972 until 1978, Enterprises had
a big cleanout of older material, including many old
episodes of Doctor Who.
In
the meantime, as the Engineering Department library had
no mandate to archive programmes, older tapes were
regularly wiped for reuse and to free up space. The Film
Library had no responsibility for storing programmes
that had not been made on film and there were
conflicting views at the Film Library and Enterprises
over responsibility for archiving programmes. All of
these processes combined to erase enormous quantities of
older black and white programming from the BBC's various
libraries. While thousands of other programmes have been
destroyed in this way, the missing episodes of Doctor
Who are probably the best-known example of how the
lack of a consistent programme archiving policy has
caused lasting damage. Currently, 108 episodes of Doctor
Who from the black and white era are still missing
from the BBC's archives despite ongoing attempts to
recover them. See List
of incomplete Doctor Who serials for a listing.
This
phenomenon mostly affects the first two Doctors William
Hartnell and Patrick
Troughton. Archival holdings are complete from the
advent of the programme's move to colour television
which coincided with the beginning of Jon
Pertwee's time as the Doctor, though a few Pertwee
episodes have required substantial restoration work due
to loss or damage of the original 625-line PAL
transmission masters and a few episodes are still only
held as 16mm black and white telerecordings.
There
have been some successes in the ongoing attempt to
recover the missing episodes. A number of countries
(notably Australia and Canada) bought rights to the
series for broadcast abroad, and some episodes have been
returned to the BBC from the archives of those
television companies (The
Tomb of the Cybermen was recovered in this
manner from Hong Kong). Still other episodes are
rumoured to have been returned by ex-employees of the
BBC who did not wish to see a part of their childhood
destroyed and instead of destroying the tapes, hid them
at home.
Early colour videotape recordings made off-air
by fans have also been retrieved. Whilst of poor
quality, these have proved invaluable for restoring
colour information to some of the black-and-white
Pertwee telerecordings found in the archives. Audio
versions of all of the lost Doctor Who episodes
exist from home viewers making tape recordings of the
show. Small excerpts have also been recovered on 8mm cine
film taken by a fan in Australia during repeat
showings of various episodes, who filmed certain scenes
directly from the television screen.
In
addition to these short video clips and audio
soundtracks, there exist still photographs produced by
photographer John Cura. Cura was hired by the BBC to
document the filming of many of their most popular
programmes during the 1950s and 1960s, including Doctor
Who. These 'telesnaps' were generally used to
promote BBC programmes, and are, in many cases, the only
visual evidence remaining of several missing episodes.
The
most sought-after lost episode is Part Four of the last
William Hartnell serial, The
Tenth Planet, where at the end, the William
Hartnell Doctor regenerates into the Patrick Troughton
version. The only portion of this still in existence,
bar a few poor quality silent 8mm clips, is the few
seconds of the regeneration scene which had been
rebroadcast as part of a 1973 episode of Blue
Peter. In 1992, a fan named Roger Barrett
claimed to have a videotape of the episode, and offered
to sell it to some Doctor Who fans and the BBC.
However, Barrett turned out to be an alias, and the
existence of the episode a hoax. Unfortunately, hoaxes
of this kind are not uncommon in Doctor Who fandom,
with people willing to exploit the hope that copies of
the missing episodes may still exist somewhere, waiting
to be recovered.
With
the approval of the BBC, efforts are now under way to
restore as many of the episodes as possible from the
extant material. Using modern digital image processing
techniques, the Doctor
Who Restoration Team is using available professional
and amateur film and video recordings to generate
digitally remastered versions of the early episodes.
These techniques were first tried on The
Dζmons, and have since been applied to many
others.
Starting
in the early 1990s, the BBC began to release existing
audio recordings of missing serials on audio cassette
and compact disc, with linking narration provided by
former series actors such as Jon
Pertwee, Tom
Baker, Colin
Baker, Peter
Purves, and Frazer
Hines. In the late 1990s, amateur fan groups began
to piece together clips and still images (especially
John Cura's 'telesnaps') and combined them with existing
audio to produce approximate recreations of missing
episodes. These 'telesnap reconstructions' are tolerated
by the BBC, provided they are not sold for profit.
Adaptations
and other appearances
Doctor
Who has appeared on stage numerous times. In the
early 1970s, Trevor
Martin played the role in Doctor
Who and the Daleks in Seven Keys to Doomsday
which also featured former companion Wendy
Padbury (Pertwee's Doctor made a cameo appearance
via film). In the early 1990s, Jon Pertwee and Colin
Baker both played the Doctor at different times during
the run of a musical play entitled Doctor
Who: The Ultimate Adventure. For two
performances after Pertwee fell ill, David
Banks (best known for playing various Cybermen)
played the Doctor. Other original plays have been staged
as amateur productions, with other actors playing the
Doctor, while Terry
Nation wrote Curse
of the Daleks, a stage play mounted in the late
1960s, without the Doctor.
The
Doctor has also appeared in two theatrical movies: Dr.
Who and the Daleks in 1965 and Daleks
- Invasion Earth 2150 AD in 1966.
Both were essentially retellings of existing stories on
the big screen, with a larger budget and numerous
alterations to the series concept. In these films, Peter
Cushing plays a human scientist named Dr. Who, who
travels with his two granddaughters and other companions
in a time machine he invented. Due to this and numerous
other changes (not to mention the storylines that
duplicated televised episodes), the movies are not
regarded as being part of the ongoing continuity of the
series, although the Cushing version of the character
would reappear in both comic strip and literary form,
the latter attempting to reconcile the film continuity
with that of the series.
A
pilot episode for a potential spin-off series, K-9
and Company, was aired in 1981 with Elisabeth
Sladen reprising her role as companion Sarah
Jane Smith and John
Leeson as the voice of K-9,
but was not picked up as a regular series.
The
Doctor has also appeared in many audio plays and
webcasts. See Doctor
Who spin-offs for more details.
Charity
episodes
In
1993, coinciding with the series' 30th anniversary, a
charity special entitled Dimensions
in Time was produced in aid of Children
in Need, with all of the surviving actors who played
the Doctor and a number of previous companions. Not
taken seriously by many, the story had the
Rani opening a hole in time, cycling the Doctor and
his companions through his previous incarnations and
menacing them with monsters from the show's past. It
also featured a crossover with the soap opera EastEnders,
the action taking place in the latter's Albert Square
location. The special was one of several special 3D
programmes the BBC produced at the time, using a 3D
system that made use of the Pulfrich
effect requiring glasses with one darkened lens.
In
1999, another special, Doctor
Who and the Curse of Fatal Death, was made for Red
Nose Day and later released on VHS. An affectionate parody
of the television series, it was split into four
segments, mimicking the traditional serial format,
complete with cliffhangers.
(The version released on video was split into only two
episodes.) In the story, the Doctor (Rowan
Atkinson) encounters both the
Master (Jonathan
Pryce) and the Daleks.
During the special the Doctor is forced to regenerate
several times, with his subsequent incarnations played
by, in order, Richard
E. Grant, Jim
Broadbent, Hugh
Grant, and Joanna
Lumley. The script was written by comedy writer Steven
Moffat, who contributed two scripts to the 2005
series and will write one script for the 2006 series.
Other
programmes
The
Doctor in his fourth incarnation (Tom
Baker) has been represented on several episodes of The
Simpsons, starting with the episode Sideshow
Bob's Last Gleaming (where along with Krusty
the Clown and Steve
Urkel he was part of a delegation to the Pentagon of
"the esteemed representatives of television"),
which was broadcast the week of Doctor Who's 33rd
anniversary.
Jon
Culshaw frequently impersonates the Fourth Doctor in
the Dead
Ringers series. Culshaw's "Doctor" has
telephoned two of the "real" Doctors Tom
Baker and Sylvester McCoy in character as the Fourth
Doctor. This prompted the bemused (and confused) McCoy
to ask the classic question: "Tom? Are you in the
pub?". When Culshaw phoned Baker himself and stated
that he "was the Doctor", Baker replied,
"But there must be some mistake...I'm The
Doctor..." Both Baker and McCoy had previously
worked with Culshaw and were aware of his impression of
Baker but not when the calls would come, if at all, so
their reactions were genuine.
Music
In
1985, when the production of the series was suspended
for a year and it looked like it faced cancellation, a
charity single, "Doctor in Distress", was
produced and released in March. It was written by Ian
Levine and Fiachra
Trench and performed by a group of 30 mid-level
celebrities, including Colin Baker, Nicola
Bryant and Nicholas
Courtney under the banner "Who Cares". The
single was universally panned.
In
1988 the band The
Justified Ancients of Mu Mu (later known as The
KLF) released the single "Doctorin' The Tardis"
under the name The
Timelords. The song used samples from Doctor Who,
Gary
Glitter's "Rock and Roll, Part Two", and The
Sweet's "Blockbuster", with lyrics
chanting about the Doctor, the TARDIS, and Daleks.
"Doctorin' the Tardis" reached number one in
the UK
Singles Chart on 12
June, and also charted highly in Australia and New
Zealand.
Other
bands have covered or reinterpreted the Doctor Who
theme, such as the electronica
band Orbital,
the Human
League and the Australian string ensemble Fourplay. The
Pogues used a bass line in their song "Wild
Cats of Kilkenny" (from Rum, Sodomy & the
Lash) that is similar to the Doctor Who
theme, as did Pink
Floyd in their song "One of These Days"
(from Meddle),
which featured a brief keyboard solo that echoed the
theme's melody; the musical link is more obvious in the
live version on Delicate
Sound of Thunder. The Fixx used part of the
theme in the 1983 recording "Saved by Zero",
inspired by the Zero Room featured in the 1982 serial Castrovalva.
The comedian Bill
Bailey produced a humourous interpretation,
"Dr. Qui", in the style of Belgian jazz.
The
theme tune has also appeared on many compilation CDs and
has even made its way to the world of mobile
phone ring tones.
Howe,
David J & Walker, Stephen James (1998). Doctor
Who: The Television Companion (1st ed.). London:
BBC
Books. ISBN
0-563-40588-0.
Howe,
David J & Walker, Stephen James (2003). The
Television Companion: The Unofficial and
Unauthorised Guide to DOCTOR WHO (2nd ed.)
Surrey, UK: Telos Publishing, ISBN
1-903389051-0.
The
Doctor Who Reference Guide synopses
of virtually every television episode, novel, audio
drama, comic strip and spin-off video based upon the
series
